A reforestation program had been under way in Spain since 1940, for meeting market demand for forest products, controlling erosion, and providing seasonal employment in rural areas. 

Ethiopia has 31 endemic species of mammals and is a global center of avian diversity, but is struggling with deforestation. Ethiopia has pledged to restore 15 million hectares of its land by 2020, through a Bonn Challenge pledge.

Armenia's terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers and few forests. Armenia has established a Ministry of Nature Protection and introduced taxes for air and water pollution and solid-waste disposal, whose revenues are used for environmental protection activities.