Brazil's Amazon rainforest is recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world. Through Bonn Challenge pledges by the Brazilian government and the Mata Atlântica Restoration Pact, 13 million hectares will be restored in Brazil by 2030.

There are 14 ecosystems in Zambia, classed into Forest, Thicket, Woodland and Grassland vegetation types. Zambia has approximately 12,505 identified species—63% animal species, 33% plant species and 4% bacterial and microorganism species.

A reforestation program had been under way in Spain since 1940, for meeting market demand for forest products, controlling erosion, and providing seasonal employment in rural areas.